Addiction vs. Dependency

Enslavement versus Reliance Enslavement versus Reliance Enslavement versus Reliance By Maeve Maddox A peruser inquires as to whether there is any contrast among habit and reliance. The Chicago Manual of Style offers this clear differentiation: One is genuinely dependent on something yet mentally subject to something. I like the straightforwardness of this clarification, however an easygoing Web visit uncovers a distinction of conclusion when the setting is tranquilize use. For instance: Physical reliance all by itself doesn't comprise fixation, however it regularly goes with compulsion.- National Institute on Drug Abuse (US government site). Various substances produce mental as well as physical reliance without creating an enslavement.- Addiction Science Forum. Compulsion can happen without physical reliance [and] physical reliance can happen without habit.- The National Alliance of Advocates for Buprenorphine Treatment. Unmistakably, the utilization of the words reliance and habit must be maneuvered carefully when expounding on their clinical ramifications. For the non-clinical essayist whose intention is to pick between the words based on undertone, a gander at their historical backgrounds offers a reason for decision. Habit infers oppression. The word gets from a Latin action word that implied, in addition to other things, â€Å"to sell into slavery.† A dependent individual no longer has a place with himself. Enslavement suggests a state from which there will never be a way out. Reliance, then again, conveys the meaning of transience. A child’s reliance closes with development. Reliance means a circumstance from which there is an exit plan. Need to improve your English in a short time a day? Get a membership and begin accepting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Misused Words classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:7 Classes and Types of PhrasesHow to spell in lieu of20 Names of Body Parts and Elements and Their Figurative Meanings

Allen Stanford free essay sample

Adding to the argument are charges against a previous Antiguan authority who has purportedly accepted hush money from Stanford and his organizations, a claim against protection bunch Lloyds of London by Allen Stanford, and a claim by speculators against Stanford’s inspecting firm BDO. Regardless of the way that his Chief Financial Officer affirmed against him in a request deal understanding, Stanford argues not blameworthy to all charges. Adding show to this prominent case, Stanford required clinical treatment subsequent to getting beaten in jail and claims to have created amnesia. The Stanford International Bank offered restores that were reliably twofold digits on its CDs. In their pitch to financial specialists, SIB representatives asserted it was because of savvy portfolio the board and interest in protected, fluid protections. SIB likewise asserted that a group of 20 gifted experts deal with the portfolios cautiously. In any case, the SEC cases this is all bogus. In its protest documented in February 2009, the SEC portrayed Stanford’s activity as a â€Å"massive ponzi conspire. We will compose a custom paper test on Allen Stanford or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page † The CDs were not reinvested in fluid protections †SIB’s portfolio for the most part comprised of illiquid resources like land. The estimation of these advantages was horribly exaggerated to cushion the company’s monetary reports. SIB offered returns dependent on manufactured execution information and asserting as recorded information and portfolio the board was done exclusively by Stanford and the CFO, James Davis. What's more, Stanford abused more than $1 billion of investors’ reserves. The cash went to an armada of yachts and flies, facilitating a global cricket coordinate, Caribbean land and paying off Antiguan controllers. Another layer of Stanford’s double dealing was the affirmation of BDO, a free reviewing firm that gave unfit reviews of Stanford’s organizations. Financial specialists have recorded a $10. 7 billion suit against BDO for â€Å"ignoring indications of potential extortion. (Bloomberg) Investors additionally guarantee that BDO ought to have known that Stanford’s organization â€Å"was working as an unregistered fence stock investments wrongfully masking itself as a bank. †(Bloomberg) The objection additionally raises doubt about BDO’s cozy relationship with Stanford Financial Group and raises issues about irreconcilable situation. The SEC cases that Stanford International Bank sold unregistered CDs. Had they been enrolled, the SEC would have had the option to confirm the estimation of the CDs. The SEC recommends that the plan returns to at any rate 1995 where the bank revealed indistinguishable returns in successive years. The SEC additionally charges Stanford and his organizations of not helping out the SEC’s examination and cases that about 90% of their venture portfolios â€Å"reside in a black box protected from any free oversight†( SEC v. Stanford International Bank, Ltd. , et al. ) Ironically, Stanford has sued SEC, the FBI, and individuals from the Justice Department for forestalling recovery of CDs by financial specialists by freezing his companies’ accounts. The SEC additionally made a move to help remunerate financial specialists by documenting suit against Securities Investor Protection Corp (SIPC) so as to constrain the organization to pay speculators. The SEC is getting intensely included and taking an exceptionally forceful position for this situation likely because of elevated caution from the ongoing Madoff Ponzi plot. Stanford’s resources have been seized by the specialists and are currently liquidation. Examiners that are evaluating budget summaries of speculators that were engaged with the Stanford case will experience issues surveying how much their customers can recoup. It is hard to follow investors’ assets in Stanford’s portfolio since it was overseen by two individuals who worked stealthily and in light of the fact that the CDs were unregistered with the SEC. The case is as yet unsure as Stanford is arguing not liable. On another front, the SIPC is being pressured by SEC’s claim to repay financial specialists yet the SIPC plans to safeguard itself. On one more front, a portion of the financial specialists are associated with the claim against BDO. In a review of a financial specialist engaged with this case, it is hard to esteem the client’s portfolio. A few financial specialists may confront business chance dependent upon the result of these preliminaries. Speculators looking for protections in seaward banks ought to consistently consider the idiom â€Å"if it’s unrealistic, it presumably isn’t. Financial specialists ought to likewise investigate the administrative condition of the establishment. While seaward banks guarantee that reserve funds from less guideline is converted into better returns, it should raise banners when it reliably performs above market for a long time. BDO’s reports ought to have additionally raised banners as it didn't look at Stanford’s portfolio.

Value added

Value added People sometimes say that it doesnt matter where you go for undergrad, as long as you go somewhere spectacular for grad school. I have several problems with this logic: Not everybody wants to go to grad school. You shouldnt spend your undergraduate experience thinking ahead to grad school. You are not the same person youll be at the end of undergrad, and your undergrad school will change you, whether for better or for worse. Tonight I am highlighting the differences between me as a 17-year-old undergrad applicant and me as a 21-year-old grad school applicant. Ill tell you right up front that I attribute my success in grad school applications (particularly in getting into my perfect program) to my education at MIT. Im smart, okay, but Im not, and never have been, one of those knock-your-socks-off genius whiz kids. My education at MIT turned me from your typical bright, well-rounded kid into a real scientist. Test scores 2001: Pretty good, but nothing really outstanding in the applicant pool. 2005: Excellent, and better than the majority of people who were applying to my programs. (I got a better score on the GRE than I did on the SAT. Im pretty sure thats not supposed to happen.) Grades and coursework 2001: To be honest, I dont remember what my high school GPA was. I dont even remember what it approximately was. I got a few B+s and a handful of A-s, and I took lots of honors classes and three APs. (None of my APs were in science! Thats a true story.) I was ranked 11th in my class of 530, because I didnt want to play the take all AP classes and study halls game. 2005: I had a 3.4(/4.0) when I applied, including a C in 8.02x (Physics: EM) from freshman year. I had a lot of classes, since I was a double-major, and Id taken a ridiculous number of upper-division biology electives. Extracurriculars 2001: Oh, lots! I was captain of the bands 40-member color guard (my senior year, we marched in the Macys Parade!), played the lead in six school plays and musicals (I was chorus in the two my freshman year), and was the only girl to make the show choir junior year. I was on the varsity quiz team, which went to the state quarterfinals. I did winter drum line for two years and winter color guard for the other two. I sang first soprano in the Ohio all-state choir. I kept little kids off drugs and helped orient freshmen and new students to my school. 2005: Well, grad schools dont care about extracurriculars, but I still wrote about cheerleading for my diversity essays (As a college cheerleader, I a member of a group that is shockingly underrepresented in science PhD programs). I wrote that I tutored my entire entry through intro biology and that I served as my dorms rush chair junior year; I also mentioned that I did prospective student outreach through a web-based medium for Admissions. (Doesnt that sound so slick?) I ended up talking with a lot of professors about cheerleading during interviews, which was fun and silly. Research experience 2001: None. I totally didnt even know you could do research in high school. 2005: Three years of experience, including a summer finding candidate genes for alcoholism at the NIH and 2.5 years studying protein-protein interactions in neurons at MIT. I had my name on an abstract/poster at the Society for Neuroscience conference and on a paper in Cell. Id worked on an independent project for a year, using an arduous screen that even grad students like to avoid. Interview 2001: None. I was too shy to sign up for an optional interview. 2005: I was confident and relaxed at my interview weekends, and I actually really enjoyed meeting with faculty and discussing my research. I was very comfortable with the details of my project, since my lab treated me like a scientist, not a baby, and was able to discuss my project with humor and poise. Recommendations 2001: I got what Im sure were very good recommendations from my favorite biology teacher and my (only, but still favorite) theatre director. 2005: I got what I know (because they told me at interviews!) were absolutely fabulous recommendations from my UROP supervisor (famous for being hard-driving and demanding quite a bit of his students), my favorite professor (famous for doing great research), and my NIH supervisor (famous, but not in my subfield). In the end, MIT was the right place for me, and the education I got here really changed the course of my life. That, I think, is what you really want in an undergrad school a place that will bring out the best aspects of you, even if theyre not totally obvious at the time you apply. You have to know what kind of environment will support your learning and blooming; for me, that place was here.

Network Environments How It Reduces The Risk Of Having A...

It would be very important to set up two different network environments because it lessens the risk of having a threat take down everything in a working environment. For example, we would have a firewall set outside of both networks and one side would be for web services, DNS, and email, which would be our DMZ. Some important security services that would be included are spam filters for email, a sonic wall and proxy servers for web services, and web intrusion detection (IDS). The purpose of having spam filters is to protect our network from spam and any attacks that might come in as an attachment in an email. Also spam tends to overflow email, so by having a spam filter we will also be avoiding this problem. Another great way to prevent†¦show more content†¦IDS also controls with sites a user can access as well as how many times a user can access certain sites. The purpose of having the DMZ separate from our local network is because if there is a malicious attack through em ail or the web we will know that it cannot attack our systems our network because they are separate from our network. It will be very important for us to include anti-virus and anti-spyware on both networks to protect our servers, switches, routers. Also another important security feature would be to have the latest patch for our systems and also perform scans on our workstations and as well as our servers. Since some of our users will need access to our system by connecting through a remote access we will only give those users rights to access our network through VPN or dial-up. Our second network would consist of admin users, IT users, and our regular users. The firewall would also be outside of this network and it would be secured by creating group policies which would give certain users limited permissions also well as only necessary access in order for workers to have the resources needed to accomplish their jobs. Some of the security risks that would present themselves in a w orking environment would be giving users too many privileges and access to certain things they shouldn’t have access to. Only

Exploring The African American Woman s Identity Through...

Exploring the African American Woman’s Identity through the Arts In the Africa American culture, there has been a longstanding discussion of the black woman’s physical appearance and how they identify themselves in society. Though there are many themes of the Black experience in the media that discuss the standard of beauty Black women should have. However, theatre has a creative and tactful way of exploring these topics that are considered taboo in the African American culture. During the Black Arts Movement, topics such as black empowerment and self-identity were the blue print for what the movement stood for. In reference to, A Brief Guide to the Black Arts Movement Writers, â€Å"African American artists within the movement sought to create politically engaged work that explored the African American cultural and historical experience† (A Brief Guide to the Black Arts Movement Writers.1). Prolific writers such as, Ntozake Shange s, Amari Baraka, and Nikki Giovanni, just to name a few, were revolutionary in a creative and political movement, which allowed for writers and poets to demonstrate the pains and qualms of what African Americans faced in Western society. Two African American playwrights, Lorraine Hansberry and Adrienne Kennedy, expounded on these topics in their plays A Raisin in the Sun and Funny House Negro. In the further exploration of stigmas of African American female hair and self-identification through theatre, these plays will be used as a platform toShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Chris Ofili s No Woman No Cry 1697 Words   |  7 Pages Painter Chris Ofili is well known in his highly decorative style to playfully explore the notion of black cultural identity. British born to Nigerian parents artist Chris Ofili often makes work highlighting political conversations. In 1998 he won the Turner Prize, the painting No Woman, No Cry was one of the works included in exhibition which won him the prize. It was made while he was living and working in London, a time period of Ofili’s practice, beginning in 1996, in which he shiftedRead MoreThe Black Man and Langston Hughes1601 Words   |  7 PagesThe term identity is defined by Webster’s dictionary as being â€Å"the state or fact of remaining the same one or ones, as under varying aspects or conditions† however in exploring the concept of Identity in black literature, we can find no definite explanation or definition. We can try to accept that it has been rooted in social situations that are generally more discriminatory, such the institution of slaver y. 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One can discern that this slavery system imposes a double burden on the Negro through severe social and economic inequalities and through the heavy psychological consequencesRead MoreThe Historical Progression of African Americans4523 Words   |  19 PagesProgression of African Americans Jeff Brown HIS 204: American History Since 1865 Prof Carl Garrigus May 16, 2010 The Historical Progression of African Americans America in 1857 was a â€Å"Nation on the Brink.† Relationships between the Northern and Southern states had been strained for decades. During the 1850 s, the situation exploded. The Compromise of 1850 served as a clear warning that the slavery issue—relatively dormant since the Missouri Compromise of 1820—had returned. African Americans

Morality of Drug Use Free Essays

In his book entitled â€Å"Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues,† Vincent Ryan Ruggiero formulated a criteria consisting of three elements, which criteria relates to respect for persons as a theoretical construct and a practical ethical standard for everyday decision making (Ruggiero, 78). These three criteria are obligations, moral ideals and consequences, which are all applicable to the determination of proper conduct in relation to drug use (Ruggiero, 79). Moral Ideals. We will write a custom essay sample on Morality of Drug Use or any similar topic only for you Order Now Ruggiero explained his concept of moral ideals as distinct from obligations. For him, ideals are goals that characterize excellence, which goals are aimed at by different individuals (Ruggiero, 78). In particular, and in relation to respect for persons, he discussed that moral ideals assist a person in achieving respect for persons (Ruggiero, 80). He also explicated that moral ideals could be composed of various categories, such as the â€Å"cardinal virtues† of old and the theological virtues of religious thinkers. He likewise posited that moral ideals could vary from person to person, or from culture to culture (Ruggiero, 81). This is an important proposition, because the differences in moral ideals determine the differences in treatment given by each person on varying actions. Thus, one person could regard a moral ideal as more than just that, for example as an obligation that requires compliance. Applying this concept to the ethical issue of drug use, it would be concluded that the perspective could be viewed from a number of different perspectives, which also have varying moral ideals. This means that drug use could be viewed positively or negatively by different cultures or population, depending on their respective moral ideals. For example, a population of medical practitioners such as doctors would hold on to the ideal that drug use is necessary in certain cases, such as in situations of a disease or illness that could only be cured by the administration of particular drugs. On the other hand, a population consisting of the religious whose faith dictates the avoidance of drugs would hold on to the exact opposite moral ideal. Thus, an ethical decision hinges on the moral ideals to which the population concerned adhere, because such moral ideals determine the kind of ethical decision that would probably be made in any given situation. Obligations. Ruggiero also discussed the notion of obligations as a criterion for determining respect for persons. His concept of obligations refers to the element of compulsion into doing a certain act, as determined by the situation involved or the relationship between or among parties (Ruggiero, 80). He likewise explained that different kinds of situations and interpersonal relations dictate the kind of obligations that are imposed on a person. Viewing drug use in the light of Ruggiero’s concept of obligations, drug use could be ethically justified by formulating a situation such that the administration or prescription of medicinal drugs and the corresponding use is seen as an obligation on the part of the doctor and the patient to maintain the latter’s good health and long life. Consequences. Finally, Ruggiero discussed the concept of consequences, which refer to the effects of an action on a person (Ruggiero, 81).   He states that the effects could be classified into beneficial or harmful effects, or grouped according to kind, such as whether they are physical or emotional (Ruggiero, 81). The most important aspect of Ruggiero’s discussion of the topic is his position that the benefit or harm caused by a specific act is determined by the impact of such an act on all persons involved, including the actor (Ruggiero, 81). This criterion is relevant in the issue of drug use, because ultimately, any ethical decision on this matter hinges on its effects on the user. Therefore, drug use could be ethically justified if it is shown that there are health benefits that could favor the user or his community. On the other hand, proof that drug use only leads to individual or collective harm would tilt the favor against drug use. In sum, Ruggiero’s three criteria are relevant in any discussion of the morality of drug use. These criteria provide practical knowledge with regard to the things that one should be looking at, prior to making an ethical decision. Works Cited Ruggiero, Vincent Ryan. Thinking Critically About Ethical Issues. 6th ed. How to cite Morality of Drug Use, Essay examples

Hospitality and Tourism for Staff Recruitment -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHospitality and Tourism for Staff Recruitment. Answer: The Operational Context The labor shortage is the most practical issue in the hospitality and tourism industry. Mostly the labor force expansion is not limited by the capital only but also by the human resources. There are a problem and a significant challenge of attracting and also retaining the qualified workers in the whole world (Chon, 2015, p. 361). This is due to the failure address the workers to satisfaction, demography, the low wage levels, reputation for too long hours and little pays as the contribution factors cite them. There is the high and increased level of competition in the hospitality and tourism management because there are too many available hospitality rooms as compared to some tourists who want to rent them hence race. This results in the cutting of prices to attract more tourists; this also reduces the profits earned (Xiang et al., 2017, p. 60). This tight competition within the hospitality and tourism operators in the shrinking market has brought down the rent of hospitality rooms across the whole world hence a lot of losses. This has led to increased innovation and creativity in the hospitality and tourism operations while making decisions. The Human Resource Context Staff recruitment and selection is an essential thing in hospitality and tourism management. This enables the industry to have high profits due to proper control of the industry. Even though this staff recruitment is necessary, it requires considerable funds to allow it to go through. Due to the challenge if funds most industries do no select the appropriate staff and hence little or no visitors. (Sparks, Bradley, and Callan, 2011, p. 490) Also, the staff should undergo interview where most faculties do not pass the process. Therefore, there is no proper selection of qualified individuals while escaping the expenses associated with that. This makes the industry to lag behind. Training and development of the industry is another issue in human resource context. The selected individuals should undergo exercise before and after starting the work. This will ensure that those individuals are sure of what they are doing for the benefit of the group. Also when the staff undergoes the training, they may lead to the development of the industry hence grate benefits and high profits to the industry (Millar, Mao, and Morea, 2010, p. 8). Preparation of the individuals joining the company may be costly to that society consequently they will consider leaving it out which may lead to massive losses of the company due to lack of required knowledge to enhance the functions of the company. The Financial Context Escalating renovation and construction cost have increased in hospitality and tourism management. The existing buildings are increasingly demanding upgrades and improvements to fit for current physical condition and also to adhere to current standards to remain competitive. Even construction of the new building with improved market conditions (Croce and Perris, 2017, p. 10). Very high costs of construction are the mitigating factors to the further development of the industry. This is very expensive due to rising costs of interest, high costs of energy and also the rapid escalation in the price of the materials used in the building. This makes the industry to face a lot of difficulties in improving the structure into current standards due to increased costs. There are many evolving customer expectations in tourism and hospitality management which require high capital accumulation. This is to be able to satisfy the customer needs and enable them to come back another time (Kumar and Yang, 2017, p. 110). Currently, the customers are profoundly influenced by the technology like use of internet which is a very crucial thing to get many customers. Many customers are resisting the chain mentality' hence an excellent opportunity for creating customized and unique experiences as well as minding the "bottom line." As a result, the appropriate market approaches will be needed to adopt and also update to reach the customers efficiently. The Product and Market Context There is increased guest sophistication. The consumers are sophisticated that is there is developed to a high degree of complexity and a great deal of experience and knowledge of the culture. The types of products and services which they desire from the market may not entirely be satisfied (Cho et al., 2017, p. 420). The social amenities they want may include recreational facilities, guest-room innovations, advanced business centers and increased costs. This may make the guests of other areas if they are not appropriately served hence leading to falling of business. Also, the technological issues affect the product and market context in the hospitality and tourism management. There are significant challenges of keeping the pace of technology very fast. This may be difficult because it may be too expensive. When the guests find that in specific markets the technology is outdated and does not fit their standards, they may decide not to come back, and they also invite others not to go to that make leading to loss of customers (Schegg and Stengel, 2017, p. 33). Each market should advance its technology. Bibliography Cho, M., Bonn, M.A. and Braymer, R.A., 2017. A constraint-based approach to wine tourism market segmentation.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,41(4), pp.415-444. Chon, K.S., 2015. Self-image/destination image congruity.Annals of Tourism Research,19(2), pp.360-363. Croce, E. And Perris, G., 2017.Food and wine tourism. Cobi. Kumar, J. And Yang, C.L., 2017. Service quality and loyalty of international students studying in the field of hospitality and tourism.MOJEM: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management,2(3), pp.97-118. Millar, M., Mao, Z. And Morea, P., 2010. Hospitality tourism educators vs. The industry: A competency assessment.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education,22(2), pp.38-50. Schegg, R. And Stengel, B., 2017. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017 Sparks, B.A., Bradley, G.L. and Callan, V.J., 2011. The impact of staff empowerment and communication style on customer evaluations: The special case of service failure.Psychology Marketing,14(5), pp.475-493. Xiang, Z., Du, Q., Ma, Y. And Fan, W., 2017. A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism.Tourism Management,58, pp.51-65.

Lucid Dreams Essays - Dream, Lucid Dreams, Keith Hearne,

Lucid Dreams ?Lucid dreamers report being able to freely remember the circumstances of waking life, to think clearly, and to act deliberately upon reflection, all while experiencing a dream world that seems vividly real? (LaBerge, 1990). In lucid dreaming, people become conscious enough to realize what they are dreaming, and therefore can change the dream they are having. A theory widely accepted by many researchers, is ?That lucid dreams are not typical parts of the dreaming thought, but rather brief arousals? (LaBerge, 1990). The researchers came up with the fact that the arousals were frequently happening during REM sleep and this became the platform for lucid dreams. In the late 1970's, evidence started showing up that lucid dreams occur during REM sleep. To test this hypothesis out, 4 scientists by the names of: LaBerge, Nagel, Dement and Zarcone got together and set up an experiment. In this experiment, the scientists had to use some sort of signal or response to determine the exact time the lucid dream was occurring. In the experiment, the scientists used five subjects and studied each from two to twenty nights, depending upon how long the scientists thought they needed. All in all, they studied the subjects a total of 34 nights and came up with a total of 35 lucid dreams from various stages of sleep. Of the 35 lucid dreams, 32 occurred during REM sleep, and the other three took place during other stages of the sleep cycle. ?A later analysis extending these data with two additional subjects and 20 more lucid dreams produced identical results? (LaBerge, 1990). This led LaBerge and the three other scientists to believe that lucid dreaming usually occurs during REM sleep. Many other researchers were also studying lucid dreaming and the time of their occurrence. Two such researchers, named Keith Hearne and Alan Worsley, designed a study of lucid dreaming. In their experiment, the subject spent 50 non-continuous nights in the Hull University sleep lab while the experimenter monitored the polygraph. From their studies, there was a total of eight lucid dreams and they said all of the dreams occurred during REM sleep. Another researcher, named Olgilvie, also studied lucid dreaming. ?Olgilvie reported the physiological state preceding 14 spontaneous lucidity signals as unqualified REM in 12 (86%) of the cases; of the remaining two cases, one was ambiguous REM and the other appeared to be wakefulness? (LaBerge, 1990). According to Olgilvie's research, lucid dreams normally occur during REM sleep, but there is always a slight chance they occur at other times. Many other laboratories that study lucid dreaming agree with LaBerge, Hearne and Worsley, and Olgilvi e that lucid dreams take place during REM sleep. Lucid dreams come about in two different ways. In the usual type of dream, people are right in the middle of REM sleep, when suddenly something unusual happens causing enough image and representation for them to slow down and become aware that they are dreaming. This is also known as a Dream-initiated Lucid Dream (DILD). In all of the lucid dreams people have, 80% are said to be dream-initiated. In the other less common type, people are briefly awakened during a dream, but fall directly back to sleep going into the dream again. This all happens very quickly with no or very little break in consciousness. This type of lucid dream is commonly known as a Wake-Initiated Lucid Dream (WILD). ?LaBerge's data indicates that while lucid dreams do not take place during interludes of wakefulness within REM periods, a minority of lucid dreams (WILDs) are initiated from these moments of transitory arousal, with the WILDs continuing in subsequent undisturbed REM sleep? (LaBerge, 1990). Out of body experiences (OBEs) are experiences when people feel like they are seeing the world from somewhere other than their physical bodies. The out of the body person will feel like they are in a world like the one they are in while awake. Even though they are said to be out of body, the person still has the feeling of having a body. OBEs can many different things to humans. Sometimes, they are highly moving, but they can also be very disturbing. There are many explanations for what exactly OBEs are. One explanation

Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essays

Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essays Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay Mental Health Of Women Experiencing Domestic Violence Social Work Essay Essay There have been ongoing public and professional concerns about the issue of domestic force in the universe. This involvement has resulted in a turning organic structure of research grounds which examine the prevalence and correlatives of this type of force ( Archer, 2002 ; Fagan A ; Browne, 1994 ; Johnson A ; Ferraro, 2000 ) . The most common signifier of force against adult females is domestic force, or the force against adult females in households. Research systematically demonstrates that a adult female is more likely to be injured, raped or killed by a current or former spouse than by any other individuals. Work force may kick, seize with teeth, smack, clout or seek to strangulate their married womans or spouses ; they may fire them or throw acid on their faces ; they may crush or ravish them, with either their organic structure parts or crisp objects and they may utilize deathly arms to knife or hit them. At times, adult females are earnestly injured, and in some instances they are killed or decease, as a consequence of their hurts ( United Nations Economic and Social Council, 1996 ) . The assaults are intended to wound adult females s psychological wellness and organic structures, which normally include humiliation and physical force. Just like anguish, the assaults are unpredictable and bear small relation to adult females s ain behavior. Furthermore, the assaults may go on for hebdomads, and even old ages. Some adult females may believe that they deserve the whippings because of some incorrect actions on their parts, while others refrain from talking about the maltreatment because they fear that their spouse will further harm them in reprisal for uncovering the household secrets or they may merely be ashamed of their state of affairs ( United Nations Economic and Social Council, Report of the Particular Reporters on force against adult females, E/CN.4/1996/53, February 1996 ) . Physical and sexual force against adult females is an tremendous job throughout the universe. The culprits are typically males near to adult females, such as their intimate spouses and household members. Violence puts adult females at hazard for both short- and long-run subsequence which involves their physical, psychological, and societal wellbeing. The prevalence of force affecting adult females is dismaying and it constitutes a serious wellness job. No adult female is safe from domestic force, no affair what state or civilization she lives in. Harmonizing to the latest UN study, one in three adult females is raped, crush, or abused during her life-time. The juncture of today s universe Eliminate Violence against Women s Day focuses on Iran, where maltreatment mostly goes unreported and officially at least unrecognised. Some research workers have argued that force is every bit a job for both sexes ( Gelles, 1974 ; Straus, Gelles and Steinmetz, 1980 ; both cited in Dwyer, 1996 ) . However, as Bograd ( 1988 ) points out, this statement ignores the disproportional rate of male force against adult females and that most documented female force is committed in self-defense. Furthermore, it besides ignores the structural supports for male force against adult females. There is abundant grounds which suggests that force, against adult females by their hubbies or spouses, is a historical and current norm ( i.e. Dobash and Dobash, 1988 ; Geller, 1992 ; Gordon, 1998 ) . Some of the unfavorable judgments of cognitive behavioral therapies are that they tend to disregard societal and political factors which affect clients ( Enns, 1997 ) . Peoples who are stateless, battered, or hapless may non hold the fiscal resources or societal support to utilize some cognitive and behavioral methods. Cognitive-behaviour therapy positions that behavior is chiefly determined by what that individual thinks. Cognitive-behaviour therapy works on the premiss that ideas of low dignity are wrong and due to faulty acquisition. In add-on, the purpose of therapy is to acquire rid of the faulty constructs which influence negative thought. Furthermore, cognitive behavioral therapies may non go to to client s cultural premises about reason which are instead inexplicit in such therapies. To do cognitive and behavioral therapies more compatible with the womens rightist therapy, Worell and Remer ( 2003 ) suggested altering labels that stress the pathology of people, concentrating on feeling, and incorporating thoughts about gender-role socialisation, instead than utilizing negative or pathological labels such as deformation, unreason, or faulty thought. Worell and Remer ( 2003 ) suggest that clients explore thoughts, based on the gender-role generalisations which appear to be distorted or irrational. For illustration, instead than labelling the idea that adult females s topographic point is in the place as irrational, the healer should research the existent wagess and penalties for populating out this stereotypic belief. By concentrating on choler, peculiarly angry 1s which arise as a consequence of gender-role restrictions or favoritism, adult females can be helped to experience independent and derive control over their lives. Therefore, assisting adult females with their social-role issues, gender-role and power analysis can be helpful in researching ways of covering with social force per unit areas which interfere with adult females s development. This is supported by Wyche ( 2001 ) who believes that cognitive and behavior therapies are peculiarly relevant for adult females of coloring material because they focus on the present, supplying clients with methods to utilize in managing the current jobs. 1.2 Statement of the Problem Violence by intimate spouses has been recognized throughout the universe as a important wellness job. For case, the World Health Organization ( WHO ) focuses on force against adult females as a precedence wellness issue. Violence by intimate spouses refers to any behavior within an confidant partnership which causes physical, psychological, or sexual injury to those in the relationship. Violence against adult females is a manifestation of historically unequal power dealingss between work forces and adult females ( Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women, 1993 ) . Harmonizing to this Declaration fright is the biggest result of force against adult females. Fear from force is a large obstruction of adult females s independency and consequences in adult females to go on seeking the work forces s support, and in many cases this support consequences in the exposure and dependence of adult females, and is the chief obstruction in the authorization of adult females s potencies, which can convey about the development of their capacities and to utilize their energy in the betterment of society. Violence and maltreatment across the universe are a common phenomenon and are non specific to a peculiar society, civilization or outlook. Womans in any given state and society are in one manner or another subjected to force in the private ( place ) environment or public ( societal ) environment. In position of the irreversible effects of force for both the homo, societal and household construction of society, and for adult females themselves. This issue must go excess sensitive in the universe. In fact, gender-based force against adult females is the misdemeanor of their human rights and cardinal freedoms, the denial of their religious and physical unity and an abuse to their self-respect. Violence against adult females is an obstruction of entree to equal aims, development and peace. The term force against adult females is associated to any violent act that is gender-based that consequences in physical, mental and sexual injury and agony. The chief ground for the separation of work forces and adult females is mental maltreatment. Mental maltreatment is an opprobrious behavior which hurts and amendss the adult female s honor, self-respect and assurance. This type of maltreatment consequences the loss of perceptual experience, loss of assurance, assorted types of depression, adult female s failure in pull offing the household, greed at the work environment, the Reconstruction of violent behavior in kids, adult female s disfunction in the household, turning to depressants, intoxicant, drugs, fortune-telling ( Mehrangiz Kar 2000 ) . Violence against adult females in Iran takes topographic point in a figure of ways: 1 Honour violent death ; 2 Self-immolation ; 3 Domestic force ; 4 Prostitution ; 5 Human trafficking, adult females and kids in peculiar. Violence reduces the assurance of adult females in the household. Women, who are abused, normally become down, secluded, and withdrawn people. Depression is besides one of the most cardinal psychological jobs in adult females who are in domestic force. ( Enayat, Halimeh,2006 ) . Standards for reding pattern was developed in response to studies from adult females who were dissatisfied with the reding they received after sing domestic force, and concerns raised by workers in adult females s domestic force services ( Inner South Domestic Violence Service in Melbourne ) . Harmonizing to the Welfare Organization of Iran ( 2006 ) , the rate of mental unwellness among adult females victimized by domestic force is significantly higher than among other adult females holding hospital contact. It was noted that while an established web existed for domestic force crisis and support services were designed specifically to run into the demands of adult females, reding services tended to be generalized, with merely a few practicians specialising in the country. Furthermore, there has been no survey to demo counselors which intervention for the mental wellness intervention of adult females who experienced domestic force is better than the others ( WBO, 2006 ) . Family Torahs in Iran, create inequality between work forces and adult females, and these Torahs do non hold the capacity to protect adult females who live with violent work forces, and force has turned into a power tool for work forces. As the state progresses into an industrial state, more academically qualified professionals are in great demand in Iran. Womans who have experienced domestic force are subjected to considerable sum of jobs refering mental wellness related to domestic force. In a survey by A. A. Noorbala, conducted at the Tehran University of Medical Sciences, the prevalence of mental upsets was shown to be 21.3 % in the rural countries, and this was 20.9 % in the urban countries. Harmonizing to an old Persian expression, Women should give themselves and digest. This shows that many adult females, if non most adult females, are involved in domestic force. It happens in private life and a legal ailment can destruct the life of a adult female. In other words, parts of the population have the perceptual experience that maltreatment is done in order to maintain with the traditions of the society and out of love. Women, who are victims of domestic force, perceived that their hubbies covetous reactions which turn into force are a mark of their love and attending to them. In a very traditional and spiritual scene in which many [ in Iran ] live, their apprehension of faith and the reading given to them throughout the centuries is that a adult male can crush his married woman. They believe that it is a spiritual bid and the observers, who have portrayed Islam in this visible radiation as a violent faith, have besides contributed to the growing of this sort of civilization. The constabulary and judicial system are of small aid. If a beat-up adult female calls the constabulary, it is improbable that they will step in. Ironically, the traditional attitude towards matrimonial struggle in Iran slopes people to intercede between the twosome. In many instances, the adult female is normally sent back to her violent place. In the Persian judicial system, there has been no jurisprudence established to forestall domestic force. On the contrary, there are many indexs which encourage force against adult females in households in the Persian Islamic penal codification . Some writers estimate that the figure of intimate relationships with violent hubbies is approximately 20 to 30 per centum ( Stark A ; Flitcraft, 1988 ; Straus A ; Gelles, 1986 ) . Broken castanetss, abortions, broken households, decease, and some mental wellness upsets are some of the effects of buffeting in intimate relationships. Each twelvemonth, over one million adult females seek medical attention due to buffeting ( Nadelson A ; Sauzier, 1989 ) . Victims besides experience incubuss and bodily effects, while kids who witness maltreatment may be diagnostic, exposing a high figure of bodily, psychological and behavioral jobs ( Nadelson A ; Sauzier, 1989 ) . In add-on to psychological scarring for victims, kids, and batterers, there are broader social reverberations of domestic force. Williams-White ( 1989 ) province that the structural, cultural, and societal features of our society continue to perpetuate the victimization of adult females at all degrees. In a manner, forc e within familial relationships reflects and helps keep force and subjugation it widely in civilization. Jennings ( 1987:195 ) explains this by saying that violent hubbies non merely lend to keeping the degree of force in society, they besides reflect a direct manifestation of socially learned sex-role behaviors. Furthermore, the prevalence of banging has crossed race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic position ( Hotaling A ; Sugarman, 1986 ) . Maltreatment of force can take to more force ( Walker, 1984 ) . In systems which do non alter, future coevalss may go on to fall back to violence to work out jobs. In add-on, in many of those systems, force may go more terrible with clip. For this ground, it is hence necessary to work on handling the effects of force. However, to day of the month, funding for mental wellness intercessions is still limited, and it frequently merely supports short-run intervention which will non adequately address the long-run symptoms. In position of the particular intervention for the mental wellness of adult females, reding Centres and support houses for adult females can cut down the mental wellness job of abused adult females and besides cut down the domestic force statistics. At the Welfare Organization s Counselling Centres in Iran, adult females who are victimized by domestic force are treated by societal workers and counselors using the cognitive behavior therapy. Based on the above treatment, this survey besides analyzed the comparing of the interventions given to adult females who have experienced domestic force, utilizing four different therapies, viz. combination therapy ( cognitive behavior therapy and feminist therapy ) with cognitive behavior therapy, feminist therapy and societal work accomplishments. 1.3 Aims of the Study 1.3.1 General Objective In general, this survey was carried out to: Analyze the influence of four different mental wellness interventions given to adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Empirically look into the results of the mental wellness interventions given to exploited adult females under combination therapy comprising of ( CBT and Feminism ) , CBT, Feminism therapy and societal work accomplishments. 1.3.2 Specific Aims This survey was undertaken specifically to: Analyze the effects of the combination of therapies consisting of cognitive-behavioural-feminist on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Analyze the effects of the cognitive behavior therapy on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Analyze the effects of the feminism therapy on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force ; Analyze the effects of the societal work on the mental wellness of the adult females who have experienced domestic force. 1.4 Hypothesiss The undermentioned hypotheses are postulated in the current survey: There is a important difference in the betterment of the mental wellness of the adult females who underwent the intervention utilizing a combination of different therapies ( cognitive, behavior, feminism therapy ) and those who were treated utilizing merely societal work accomplishments. There is a important difference in the betterment of the mental wellness of the adult females who underwent the intervention utilizing the cognitive behavior therapy and those who were treated utilizing merely societal work accomplishments There is a important difference in the betterments of the mental wellness of the adult females who underwent the intervention utilizing the feminism therapy and those who were treated utilizing merely societal work accomplishments. There is a important difference between the combination of therapies ( cognitive, behaviour therapy ) , feminism therapy and societal work accomplishments. 1.5 Significance of the Study Violence can shatter a adult female s life in many ways. Bing a victim of force is widely recognized as a cause for mental wellness jobs, including post-traumatic emphasis upset, depression, anxiousness, and panic onslaughts. Bing abused besides plays a major function in developing or declining substance maltreatment jobs. For many adult females who are affected by force, their first maltreatment normally occurred in their childhood or adolescence. Exploited adult females as kids s female parents often end up losing detention of their ain kids due to allegations of maltreatment or disregard, and over 50 % of kid maltreatment and neglect instances involve parental intoxicant and drug maltreatment. In add-on to commit force against adult females in Iran, the bulk of the adult females and immature misss are confronting domestic force at place at the clip when they are still populating with their parents. In most instances, it is the male parent and the other senior male members in the household are among those who foremost commit the aggression against the adult females and immature misss. Harmonizing to the latest statistics, two out of every three Persian adult females have experienced favoritism and domestic force from the male parent or the other male members of their household. For the huge bulk of the Persian adult females, married life marks the beginning of horror, hurting, and humiliation, i.e. being the victim of their hubbies and sometimes the other household members. Furthermore, eighty one out of 100 married adult females have experienced domestic force in the first twelvemonth of their matrimony ( Mehrangiz Kar 2000 ) . Even adult females with outstanding occupatio ns and esteemed societal standings are capable to this misdemeanor. In most of the instances, this maltreatment leaves lasting physical and psychological amendss for the remainder of their lives. Ironically, without stating even a word and with much hurting and yet no support, offenses against adult females have gone unnoticed. Ninety out of 100 adult females suffer from a terrible instance of depression, from which they finally commit self-destruction and 71 % of those adult females experience nervous dislocations. ( Mehrangiz Kar 2000 ) . Their methods of suicide include puting themselves aflame. For them, this is the lone manner of get awaying from segregation and humiliation. For case in Ilam ( a metropolis in Iran ) , 15 misss set themselves aflame each month, contending against subjugation or depression ( Welfare Organization of Iran, 2005 ) . Looking at how serious this job has become, it is hence the duty of everyone to contend the subjugation against adult females. Female v ictims need to believe that they should non be blamed on whatever happens to them. An active engagement in the Welfare Organization of Iran to support the adult females s rights and resistance to the Persian Islamic fundamentalism is the least one can make to assist stop the hurting and agony of the victims of force in both private and public domains. Violence against adult females, in human and barbarous penalties, such as lapidating and complete riddance of the adult females from the political and societal spheres represent some facets of the modus operandi of fundamentalists taking to institutionalised force. This besides means that the battle for equality, safety and security can non be separated from the battle against fundamentalism in Iran. This survey made usage of the theoretical model, uniting the cognitive-behaviour theory and feminist theory for the mental wellness of the adult females who have been victimized by domestic force. The present survey could supply cognition on the different types of mental wellness interventions adopted by counselors at assorted reding Centres throughout the state. This research besides examined the quality of the intervention by uniting two therapies ( cognitive-behaviour therapy and feminist therapy ) . Armed with this cognition, the leaders of the Welfare Organizations, the society, households and counselors can profit from the effects of alteration in the adult females s mental wellness. The suggested theoretical model would supply a better apprehension of the adult females s mental wellness and their public presentation in the society. In summery, battered and abused adult females need a broad scope of responses, flexible services, and supportive policies to heighten their safety and autonomy and to reconstruct their self-esteem and public assistance. These might include mental and physical wellness rating and referral ; resettlement services ; confidential protagonism, shelter, and other domestic force support services ; educational and vocational preparation ; legal representation refering divorce, detention and protective orders ; rating of in-migration position and cultural or cultural issues ; and the effectual enforcement of condemnable Torahs and tribunal orders to assist liberate them from their spouses control and to maintain them and their kids safe. We know that adult females who have suffered maltreatment are more likely to endure posttraumatic emphasis upset ( PTSD ) , depression, and somatization than those who have neer experienced maltreatment ; the more extended the maltreatment, the greater the hazard of mental wellness upset. Women s mental wellness intervention is an of import country to see for research because ( 1 ) misss and adult females as a group are exposed to more traumatic stressors than male childs and work forces ; ( 2 ) the mental wellness of adult females may be badly affected, ensuing non merely in immediate psychological symptoms, but besides lifetime hazard for suicidal or self-destructive behavior, anxiousness and panic onslaughts, eating upsets, substance maltreatment, somatization upset, and sexual accommodation upsets ; and ( 3 ) psychologists are non on a regular basis trained to work specifically with trauma subsisters, which can cut down the effectivity of the intervention subsisters receive. Presently there are 22 crisis intercession Centres ( adult females s crisis intercession Centre ) across the state ( Iran ) , and adult females can remain in these Centres between 6 to 8 months. As force causes psychological force per unit areas and uncontrolled emphasiss on and finally depression in adult females by and large, this survey was intended to happen a better and utile intervention in the effort to better the intervention for the mental wellness of the adult females who have become the victims of domestic force. The present survey would besides supply further cognition and apprehension on the three different types of the interventions used, viz. the Cognitive-behaviour therapy ( CBT ) , Feminist therapy and the combination of the two interventions. The consequences of this survey would therefore lend the theoretical development and pattern in reding. 1.6 Operational Definition of Footings 1.6.1 Domestic force Domestic force is a form of coercive behavior, which includes physical, sexual, economic, emotional and/or psychological maltreatment, exerted by an intimate spouse over another with the end of set uping and keeping power and control. 1.6.2 Mental wellness a province of head characterized by emotional wellbeing, comparative freedom from anxiousness and disabling symptoms, and a capacity to set up constructive relationships and header with the ordinary demands and emphasiss of life. Mental Health is the balance between all facets of life societal, physical, religious and emotional. It impacts on how we manage our milieus and do picks in our lives clearly it is an built-in portion of our overall wellness. In this survey, mental wellness refers to the mark which the client gets from the SCL-90-R trial. 1.6.3 Cognitive behavior Therapy ( CBT ) A set of rules and processs that assume that cognitive procedures affect behavior and conversely that behavior affects cognitive procedures. It emphasizes a here-and-now procedure without stressing causing. ( D.Meichenbaum ) .A intervention attack that helps clients examines and changes the relationship effects, ideas, feelings, behaviors and attendant effects. It incorporates a figure of diverse intercession ( for illustration, cognitive restructuring processs, job resolution, get bying accomplishments intercessions, stress vaccination preparation, and self instructional preparation. 1.6.4 Feminist Therapy A philosophical and practical attack with certain premises ; for illustration, schemes are needed, and healers must be cognizant of personal, gender-biased value system in relation to allow behavior. Feminist healers promote se4lf-awareness, self-affirmation, and personal integrating, outcomes that may conflict with the social norms that were the original beginning of dysfunctional behavior forms of adult females.

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Investigation Of British Airways PLC Strategy

Investigation Of British Airways PLC Strategy Flying an extensive route network of more than 300 different destinations in more than 70 countries, with nearly 250 aircrafts in service, British Airways is today the largest airline in the UK and the leader in terms of transatlantic flights globally. They are a group mainly based in Heathrow Airport, London Gatwick and Manchester, where they operate international domestic scheduled air services for carriage of passengers, freight mail. In addition, British Airways is part of the oneworld alliance that together comprises 700 destinations. Founded in 1999, American Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Finnair, Iberia, Japan Airlines, Lan Airlines, Malà ©v, Qantas and Royal Jordanian are also members of this association. The establishment of this kind of business partnership benefits customers expanding their access to a much wider network of destinations. In terms of shareholding, for instance, the group has participation of 13.5% in the Spanish airline Iberia and 15% in Flybe. According to Key Note (2009), other British Airways ventures include a 10% stake in Eurostar (UK) Ltd as part of the InterCapital and Regional Rail alliance. BA also operates a number of subsidiaries and franchises organisations, for example, British Airways World Cargo, BA Cityflyer and OpenSkies. BAs financial overview defined by Key Note (2009) says that in the year ending in 31st March 2008, British Airways PLC increased its turnover to  £8.76bn from  £8.49bn in 2007. Pre-tax profit increased to  £922m in 2008 from  £611m in 2007. In the year ending 31st March 2009, turnover was up to  £8.99bn and there was pre-tax loss of  £401m. The companys annual report of 2009 describes in more details that 87.1% of this revenue is from passenger traffic, 7.5 % from cargo and 5.4 remains from other activities. The great financial results in the year that anticipated the credit crisis, a record of profitability in BAs history, left the company in a good position to a much harder period that should arrive in 2008/09. The airline industry Key Note (2009) considers Aviation an important sector of the economy, enabling people to visit countries it contributes to the development of other sectors and to warm the economy in general. It is a competitive field which has been recently affected by the low-cost companies, specially the scheduled flights market, where price pressure has being on emphasis influenced by short-term issues as, for instance, the economic recession, oil price fluctuation, government taxation and international environmental and health concerns. In accordance to Key Note, the number of companies on the air travel market significantly increased since 2004, the main reason to explain the expansion was the increasing operation of non-scheduled flights, which represented 48.7% of the overall total on that year and 63.9% in 2008. Even though the rising demand stopped in 2008, this period was a continuous growth for airline enterprises, companies were still able to operate revenues of  £18.25bn that year, which means an increase of 6% on 2007 figures. In summary, all the positive results are certainly a consequence of globalisation, the airline industry has an important role in this process as it stimulates tourism, global trade, foreign investments and therefore despite the recent economic recession it remains a large and growing industry. Environmental Influences Political and Legal There have been some major political issues since the start of the millennium, which have affected the airline industry and British Airways in particular. One specific event was the September 11th 2001 terrorist attack to the world trade centre in New York and the London attack on July 7th 2005, which have resulted in introducing new regulation and security procedures in European countries and the United States. The new regulations have come into effect in 2006 to try to combat the threat of terrorism and illegal immigration which have indirectly affected the buyers travelling confidence (BAs Annual Report). In addition, the 2003 war in Iraq and, the political situation in the same nation have contributed to drive oil prices high and therefore, higher cost of fuel for airline companies were experienced. In recent years, substantial deregulations like open skies agreement 2008, has given more opportunity to airlines and also had a great impact on the long-term business strategies in British Airways. In addition, there are some legal factors affecting BA which are as the results of trade unions power in the UK. British Airways has suffered significantly from the strikes over the last decades which are believed to be taken place under the implication of trade unions. The strikes are mainly concerned with the employee rights, environmental and ecological issues (Clarke, 2007). According to Key Note, from November 2009 the new Air Passenger Duty (APD) will be implemented increasing charges applied for every passenger flying from an UK airport. This measure is going to be based on distance and will make long flights significantly more expensive, which consequently might reduce overseas travellers demand. Moreover, increasing government taxation might affect competitiveness against other transports in the domestic market, as can be observed in the economic effects below. Economic With the economic downturn in 2008 the demand for air travel declined, this is due to the lower demand by business travellers as a cost reduction strategy of their organizations. Key Note defines the effects of the current recession as one of the worst experiences passed by the air travel trading market, specially occurred because of the incremental rising of oil price in the recent past years. Companies were vulnerable to surges in oil price, what could easily affect their trading and profitability. Even though it has fallen since the peak of nearly $150 a barrel during 2008, many companies were locked with fuel bills acquired through hedging into higher prices. Lastly, the financial impact caused by the global recession might persist until 2010/11. 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In the year ending in March 2008 this percentage fell to a 3-year low of 47.3%, making it the first annual fall in 8 years (Key Note, 2009). Despite the fact that the domestic demand suffered a considerable decline, air travel is very popular among UK costumers and often the only way of transport to international destinations. International scheduled flights are mentioned by Key Note as the growth sector of the airline industry. In 2008, more than 83 million passengers represented 5.1% increase in demand for international travels, a considerable part of that can be attributed to the large volume of tourists visiting the UK even in a time of economic crisis. Following the same idea, although the industry expected a decline on the number of passengers uplifted until the end of 2009, this situation will be surely recovered from 2010. The UK is a leading tourist and business destination and a boost is forecast on 2012 when the London Olympics should provide a significant increasing on air travel, therefore the number of passengers uplifted is expected to jump from 123.5 million in 2009 to 134 million in 2013, according to Key Note. Finally, an issue that was recently observed in a global perspective was the spread of diseases such as the Swine Flu; such phenomenon might reduce travel and tourism, consequently affecting the airline performance. Technological BA is not different from any company of the 21st century. The aviation sector has grown together with the fast advances in high technology systems, and nowadays it is considerably dependent on its IT structure. At the same time IT is a defining agent in BAs strategic position contributing to various facilities that comprise customers high expectations and satisfaction; on the other hand BA is exposed to a great risk whether this system comes to a failure. Hence, it is extremely necessary that the organization prepares itself through prevention and recovery plans in order to minimize reputation impacts among customers in case of disruption. For example, different strategies (operational, commercial and social) mentioned in this report could not be possibly implemented if the technology was not available; actually this tool is essential for the company to follow the rise in customer needs as well as their competitors innovations. In the aviation industry, technology plays a significant role. Premium airlines want to serve the passenger a convenience journey, starting from the booking to the entertainment onboard, what can only be possible through incremental advances in IT solutions. In addition, efficient engines can consume less fuel and gives more mileage. It can reduce the cost and fulfil quality. BA is trying to minimize the average noise per flight it operates by 15% by 2015 with the use of new technology. Lastly, all the investments in technology helps air travel to remain as one of the safest modes of transport. Environmental Regarding environmental concerns, Key Note (2009) states that the EU is planning to include aviation as part of its emissions trading scheme, this can be considered a reaction to respond critics received for the reluctance of airlines in taking climate-change initiative. Cooperation between BA and Virgin proposes a carbon trading agreement; they are among other companies who volunteer to initiate a process to develop the emissions trading system to the airline industry. Because of the global warming, protection of environment has become a substantial issue for the organizations to consider. Today many of the airlines are trying to reduce CO2 emission and BA is one of them. BAs long term goal is to reduce the Carbon Dioxide by 50% by the year 2050. BA also aims at zero waste to the landfill by the end of 2010 in the UK and reuse or recycling of all the waste. To the airline industry, severe changes in weather conditions represent lost of revenue, things such as heavy snow might disrupt air schedule and lead to operations disruption. Industry Structure and Attractiveness Porters five forces model facilitates an analysis on the competitive environment as well as identifying the forces that affect the level of competition in the airline industry. Existing Competitive Rivalry in the Industry Air travel industry is a large industry with high speed of growth which results in creating more opportunity for competition. According to the annual report, BA faces fierce competition in most of its markets whereby different routs have different levels of competition. The high Competition in short-haul market comes from the free market for internal flights, where European airlines are allowed to choose any route within Europe and set its own fares. Additionally, the emergence of no frills companies like EasyJet and Ryan Air contributes further to the intense rivalry in the short-haul market. The longhaul market is significantly influenced by deregulation. Due to the EU-US Open Skies liberalisations, which allow any EU or US airline to operate flights to US from Heathrow, the competitive environment on transatlantic routes increased dramatically. However, there are few international routs with competition restricted to national airlines. Threat of Entry Most new comers to the airline industry would find it difficult to enter the market as it needs high investments to establish a competitive structure, for example, an aircraft fleet covering the airlines route network. Over the last decade, however, there were a number of newcomers within the low-cost niche; EasyJet and Ryan Air in the European market have dominated the segment. Established airlines, while dominating the market, would not allow new companies to easily compete with them. They would always defend themselves strategically through price reductions, special offers and most of the times a better service. Lastly, these days, it is even more costly to adopt new requirements regarding legal concerning over health and safety regulations that are in evidence in this industry worldwide. The power of Buyer Due to the high competition and an increase in the number of airlines in todays market the buyer has got a large number of airlines to choose from and therefore, has got high power. Therefore, the quality of service the customers receive has become even more important these days. The switching cost for the leisure travellers is very low and so they can easily switch from one airline to the other. As a result, airlines like British Airways would focus on keeping loyalty of business travellers who tend to travel more frequently by introducing incentives such as air miles, hotel reservations or car hire. Power of Supplier Bargaining supplier power will be high with the dominance of Boeing and Airbus as the suppliers of aircraft and there is not much of competition amongst suppliers, therefore, there is a low possibility of vertical integration. Threat of Substitutes As the product and services in the airline industry are similar in nature, therefore, the threat of substitute is considerably high. This can be presumably higher for the local airlines for example for UK or French local airlines. Euro star as train service operating between London and Paris can be considered a threat. However, for the international airlines operating in long distances, trains and sea craft cannot be considered as substitution. Travelling with airplane is no longer a luxury; therefore, some people prefer to travel with cheaper airlines which are sometimes even cheaper than travelling by car or train. These cheap airlines have made the threat of substitutes lower than before. However, there is still higher expectation from airlines, therefore, better service and higher frequency of flights would help lowering the threat of substitute. Capabilities and Core Competences Strengths British Airways PLC is the largest UK airline with  £8.75bn sales in the year ending 31st March 2008, it is nearly four times the second-largest carrier, easyJet with  £2.35bn. This difference can become even greater as according to Key Note, British Airways is allowed by the Government to merge with Iberia and maybe become a Spanish company. What makes BA successful is the companys capability to effectively deploy its resources through its activities and processes. Although financially the company goes through very difficult times, operationally however, BA is achieving levels of excellence never experienced before. BA has made remarkable operational progress during the last year. In accordance to its annual report last year, improvement of 20% in punctuality is achieved and, nearly 82.5% of the flights at Heathrow, Terminal 5 have delay less than 15 minutes of their scheduled time. In addition, 72% less mislaid or misdirected bags during the year compared with the previous one (British Airways Annual report 2009). Furthermore, according to the companys investor relations website, British Airways launched a 32-seat flight from London City airport to New York that for the first time ever will provide internet services on a transatlantic flight, an exclusive service to attend the business demand. This can be certainly an example that any strategic change that will be taken by BA is going to happen gradually, without leaving behind the nature and history that makes the company a synonym of high quality services. In addition, a unique resource that underpins BAs competitive advantage and represents their major strength is the companys long-established brand, which is synonym of high quality services and represents BA as a high-performing, customer orientated, and global premium airline. During 2008 the satisfaction level across BAs network has risen to 72 per cent. Furthermore, the opening of Terminal 5 at Heathrow and the way BA organises its operations and services at the new Terminal delivered a steady rise in customers satisfaction reaching 76 per cent at the end of 2008. During its first year of operation Terminal 5 has served 21 million passengers (British Airways Annual report 2009). Moreover, BAs participation in oneworld alliance builds unique relationships with other airlines and allows the company to offer its customers much wider network of destinations. This business relationship, along with the ability to manage effectively its resources represents a core competence, which helps BA to build its competitive advantage over other airlines. BAs strong fleet base allows the company to serve its robust rout network. At the end of 2008 the company possess 245 aircrafts. Although BA experiences difficult financial times, the company continuously invests in new aircraft, its lounges, a new in-flight entertainment system, cabin upgrades across their longhaul fleet and premium service training in order to further increase the customers satisfaction and sustain competitive advantage (British Airways Annual report 2009). Weaknesses Brand erosion The merge with Iberia and the joint ATI application could cause brand erosion, which will adversely impact relationship with customers and will result in decrease of revenues (British Air ways Annual report 2009).. Breakdown in the bargaining process (unionised workforce) BA planes to cut costs wherever it is possible in order to survive the difficult financial times. In this respect, the airline plans to cut 1,700 jobs and to freeze pay for current staff, in accordance to BBC News. This will increase the risk of workers strike actions, which will interrupt operations and adversely affect business performance (British Air ways Annual report 2009). Failure of a key supplier BAs sole source of in-flight meals at Heathrow was Gate Gourmet. In 2005 Gate Gourmet failed to supply BA with the necessary in-flight meals due to internal argument with its staff over working conditions, which led to a strike supported by BAs own workers. This caused major operational disruption in BA, which resulted in huge additional costs of 40 million  £ (Waters, 2007). This is one example for how a failure of a key supplier may cause disruption to the operations of the airline and adversely affect business performance. Another such example is BAs dependence on fuel supply. Any problem as contamination or breakdown in the infrastructure that provides jet fuel to Heathrow will cause a huge operational impact. Failure to prevent or respond to a major safety or security incident A major security failure could consequently damage the reputation of BA as a high secure airline (British Airways Annual report 2009). Failure to adopt an integrated environmental strategy BA markets itself as being a responsible airline. BA has set industry-leading targets for reducing its carbon emissions from 110 to 83 grammes per passenger kilometre between 2005 and 2025 and to halve its net CO2 emissions till 2005. Failure to implement this strategy could damage the reputation of BA as a responsible company (British Airways Annual report 2009). Substantial debt burden BAs net debt in 2009 is  £2,382 million, which represents an increase of  £1,072 million in comparison to the previous year. Accordingly, the companys net debt to total capital ratio is 27.6% higher than the previous year. The substantial increase in debt obligations means that considerable part of BAs operational cash flow will be spent on interest, principal and lease payments. This not only lowers the ability of the company to finance working capital and other general corporate requirements, but also limits its flexibility in planning and reacting to environmental changes (British Airways Annual report 2009). Overdependence on the European market According to Datamonitor 62.5% of BAs profit is made from serving the European Market. Taking into consideration the current unfavourable economic situation in European, the overdependence on this weak market will prevent the company from increasing its future profits. Organizational Structure and Processes There are major factors that influence an organizations strategic position, for instance, it might be its overall strategic purpose and corporate governance policy, expectations of stakeholders, social responsibility and ethics are also part of this list. The recent annual report 2008-2009 shows that BA places high importance on corporate governance. The Board is responsible for the leadership of the organization to the shareholders. Accordingly, The Board directs the Companys risk assessment, resource management, strategic planning and financial and operational management to ensure that obligations to shareholders and other stakeholders are understood and met (Annual report 2008-2009, p. 56). The principal-agent conflict might arise owing to the leadership of the business by managers, whereas they might put their interests first instead of meeting shareholders interests ladder (Johnson et al., 2009). The New Companies Act from 2006 aims to overcome this problem though. Authority and control responsibilities are determined by the clear organizational structure of BA. The companys personnel is highly qualified which is assured through the thorough recruitment process, the internal performance appraisal system and the appropriate training requirements. The performance of employees is evaluated according to action plans and targets established by the performance appraisal system to ensure that employees have all the skills necessary to complete their responsibilities. Clear and specific objectives are established for the staff in order to make their contribution to the overall performance of the company more transparent. This increases the motivation and the responsibilities awareness of the staff. Also the staff is trained to behave in a way that will create a warm and friendly atmosphere in the work place and that they are happy to work for BA. In order to measure its performance and to make its managers accountable for delivery of the set targets BA uses a comprehensive management accounting system. This system provides financial and operational performance measurement indicators which allow the company to regulate its expenses more accurately and make financial decisions more precisely. Customer recommendation carried out by an independent research company assessed the number of satisfied customers and is supposed to be a one of the most significant indicators due to the potential to affect the profitability in the future. Companys operations are evaluated via a broad scope of methods across a variety of levels; however, the most important is departure functionality. It consequently shows that the other processes are performed in a high standard and ultimately effects customer satisfaction. (British Airways Annual Report 2009). British Airways Current and Future Strategy Perspective Based on Porters generic strategies, British Airways strategic analysis is built under the importance of employing a plan through one of the three strategies, Differentiation, Overall Cost Leadership and Focus. Those three strategies are relevant factors on the process of outperforming competitors in the industry. Even though it is possible to pursue more than one strategy, this is rarely seen because of their own different characteristics as will be evident on this topic. After the initial analysis of British Airways current situation in the air travel industry, it is clear that during all its modern history as a passenger carrier, the company stayed committed to its principles and invested on what could enforce its plans to continue being very successful. As a leading airline company its brand was always associated with the best service and treat available to customers in the market. In this point of view, the company service differentiation strategies and development of new services appear to be the considerable competitive advantage to outperform its competitors. There are some authors that argue in favour that differentiation and overall cost leadership are not always mutually exclusive although it is very complicated to match both strategies in most industries. However, the market is showing a rising positive trend to companies with an overall cost leadership strategy and they are growing their market share considerably. It becomes obvious that BA could not ignore low-cost rivals if the company wants to sustain its market position. Therefore, BA established a low-cost company called Go, created in response to falling profits after 1998 due to the emerging no-frills companies. Go was later sold to easyJet in 2002 it was a proof that an opposite price-based strategy is difficult to be applied even creating a new company under the same governance. The cost leadership strategic failure pushed the company to focus on differentiating its services even more. Nevertheless, in some price sensitive segments the differentiation strategy might not be sufficient to compete successfully. Therefore, BA concentrates on long-haul flights where there are not no frills companies. Furthermore, the company operates slots on popular and convenient airports such as Heathrow, what further attracts some short-haul customers (Kumar, 2006). Additionally, BA has successfully segmented its markets by offering different ticket classes which allows them to attract price sensitive customers from no frills airlines as well as manage to cover costs and increase revenues. The airline also succeeded to reduce costs through the successful implementation and management of an online booking system. BA tries to increase the economies of scale by raising the frequency of flights to popular holiday destinations like Caribbean islands or seasonal increase in the frequency of flights to religious destinations like Mecca and Vatican (Kumar, 2006). All these strategies made BA very successful during the last few years (in 2007 BA achieved the highest profit in its history) and created competitive advantages over companys traditional and low cost competitors. Reducing cost activities are taking place since 2008 over the companys renewal strategies in order to fight against the short-term crisis effects. Job-cutting would increase profitability within the company in short term, but this could lead to decrease in the quality of customer service. Furthermore, job-cuttings would lead also to confrontations with unions and employee strikes, which will disrupt the companys operations. Hence, this change in the organisational structure could damage BAs image reputation as a premium service airline in the long run. Other problems are the companys  £2.7bn pension deficit and its high debt burden. On the other hand, in an innovation sense, after huge investments and improvements on operating activities, a proof of the continually effort to maintain its first quality standard is the new terminal in Heathrow airport, which brings lots of new facilities to customers and improvement of conditions at the working place to all its employees. Despite the impact of the recent recession, in comparison to easyJet, British Airways is focused on pursuing to offer its customers the best possible service that makes its brand a synonym of first class, the innovation appears into new customer needs, environmental forces and trends to reinforce its differentiation for which people are willing to pay more. To cope with future environment trends BA has started tuning its current strategy and differentiating itself from competitors according to new patterns of responsible attitude, especially within big companies. To adapt its structure to a green efficient standard is not an easy process and requires huge investments. The environmental concern is a topic highly discussed worldwide and has become a popular issue; BA is certainly paying attention to that and has the objective of becoming reference as the most responsible airline. Sustaining and developing its current strategy BA believes that is the right decision in order to achieve always the best possible satisfaction of its stakeholders. To illustrate British Airways future actions, for instance, Terminal 5 is a set of procedures already working that underpins BAs long-term goal of creating a world-leading global premium airline with a reputation for being the very best at meeting its customers needs, according to its website, for instance: à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ At T5, most of the rainwater will be collected and re-used for non-potable uses. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ 85% of T5s heat will be supplied by excess heat produced from the Heathrow heat and power station. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ 30,000 native woodland plants and 4,000 trees and shrubs are being planted around T5. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ Smarter runway and airport design means aircraft engines idle less, reducing emissions. Aircraft will do less taxiing too. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ T5 offers 96 Check-in Kiosks designed to eliminate queuing. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ The rapid transit system connection between the two buildings making up T5 means youll move swiftly and smoothly to where you need to be. à ¢Ã‹â€ Ã¢â€ž ¢ The baggage system has been designed to move your baggage efficiently to the aircraft ready for departure and to minimise waiting time when you land. In addition to that, a new internal program developed in parallel with the 2012 Olympic Games spirit has definitely enforced the importance of BAs culture, which has the customer as its core. Compete 2012 aims to inspire the spirit of team work and competition in all corners of the company, and as a result establish a level of excellence that competitors aspire to. The strategy of being one of the UK sponsors and the official airline for the event matches BAs future vision and reinforce its credibility among its target customers. Above, they are examples of the evolution in British Airways culture that, when added to the companys capabilities and competences and the strengths earlier described, its value chain can be clearly understood. The evolution of BAs strategy easily refers to Porters conclusion that competitive advantage frequently comes from perceiving new ways to configure and manage the entire value system. In terms of suitability, BAs current strategy successfully exploits its core competences and unique resources and allows the company to respond appropriately to key environmental trends such as economic downturn, political and legal changes and changes in social perceptions. Also their strategy is aligned with their culture. However, the current differentiation strategy could prevent some of BAs weaknesses such as brand erosion. In terms of feasibility of the strategy, BA has the financial resources and competences to invest and differentiate furt